How Conflict in Sudan Is Impacting Women and Girls

By Cove Johnson Rabidoux

Gender violence and limited access to healthcare have left Sudanese women increasingly vulnerable as war continues.

 Sudanese women and children. Albert Gonzalez Farran. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

Civil war in Sudan started in April 2023 following the collapse of negotiations between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF). Since then, the country has been decimated by violence, widespread famine and a crumbling healthcare system, all of which make it nearly impossible for humanitarian support organizations to provide aid. 

According to the United Nations, the situation in Sudan is the world’s worst humanitarian crisis, with more than 33 million people in need of support. Women and girls have been disproportionately affected, facing alarming rates of food insecurity and displacement. 

Millions of women have had to relocate to refugee and displacement camps, where they face shortages of food, clean water and medical supplies. At these camps, they experience the additional risk of gender-based violence, both by fellow civilians and members of the SAF and RSF themselves. 

The United Nations described rape, sexual slavery and violence as common war tactics used throughout the country. They report that sexual violence has not only been used to exert control over communities but to instill fear and deepen the psychological trauma of survivors and their families. One woman told Human Rights Watch, “Every time I try to sleep, I see how my parents and husband were killed, and I remember all the things they did to me. It is torturing me.”

Her experience is far from unique. Survivors of sexual violence, especially that which is war-related, often experience long-term trauma, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and sleep disturbances. Many also face social stigma within their communities, which can lead to further isolation. In Sudan, these challenges are compounded by the deterioration of the healthcare system and limited humanitarian access. With little international aid, survivors are left without medical care, counseling or legal assistance.

Additionally, without reliable healthcare, pregnant women and new mothers are unable to receive adequate maternal support. This often increases the likelihood of preventable complications for both mothers and infants.

Yet despite these conditions, Sudanese women are committed to protecting their communities. Across the country and within displacement camps, women-led groups have helped distribute food, protect children from violence and provide midwifery and other medical assistance. 

But as fighting persists across the country, humanitarian groups argue that greater international attention is crucial in addressing the crisis. Sudan has received comparatively limited international coverage compared to other global conflicts. Experts suggest this is partially because more “geopolitically influential countries” are often prioritized in media coverage, leaving other large-scale humanitarian crises underreported. 

In the case of Sudan, Tom Perriello, former U.S. special envoy to Sudan, said, “I don’t think I’ve ever seen as big of a disconnect between the scale of a crisis and the scale of media coverage in my life, and that is both because the scale of the suffering in Sudan is so high and because the [media] coverage is abominably low.”

The statement reflects ongoing concerns about the visibility of the crisis and its impact on its civilians. For many Sudanese women and girls, support remains uncertain as they continue to navigate the world’s worst humanitarian emergency.

GET INVOLVED:

Sign Amnesty International’s petition to demand an arms embargo in Sudan. Spread the word about the atrocities facing women in Sudan today. Support female protection and aid by donating to UN Women. For updates and additional information, follow UNICEF and ReliefWeb.

Cove Johnson Rabidoux

Cove is an English student at the University of California, Los Angeles. Her writing can be found in the Daily Bruin, The Teen Magazine, Piece of Cake Magazine, and other publications. In her free time, she enjoys reading and traveling.

Why Nigeria’s Largest Floating Village Is Being Demolished

By Julia Sassaman

Thousands of residents of Makoko, Nigeria’s largest floating village, have been displaced after the Lagos State Government carried out demolitions as part of broader redevelopment efforts.

A young boy canoeing through the Makoko canals. Heinrich Boll Stiftung. CC BY-SA 2.0.

Sometimes called the “Dubai of Africa,” Lagos is a rapidly growing city on the Lagos Lagoon in southwest Nigeria, undergoing large-scale construction, tourism and housing development. As Nigeria’s largest city, Lagos is home to more than 14 million residents. Despite increasing investment in high-end developments and infrastructure on its islands, approximately 60% to 75% of residents live in informal settlements. These settlements typically consist of displaced or impoverished individuals who establish communities on state or private land without legal ownership, often lacking clean water, sanitation or basic urban services.

The city struggles to accommodate its growing population alongside high poverty rates and a shortage of affordable housing. Climate-related challenges, such as sea-level rise and coastal erosion, have also increased pressure on the Lagos State Government (LASG) to implement redevelopment projects. However, urban renewal efforts have drawn criticism from many Lagosians, who argue these developments often prioritize the wealthy over the broader population. Demolitions of informal settlement communities have further fueled controversy, prompting questions about the LASG’s redevelopment priorities. 

One of the most well-known informal settlements in Lagos is Makoko. Founded in the late 19th century by Egun fishing families, Makoko later became home to immigrants and residents priced out of other areas of the city. Located across land and water, the community’s economy centers on fishing and aquatic commerce. Homes, schools, businesses, churches and medical clinics rest on wooden stilted structures above the Lagos Lagoon, separated by canals and only navigable by canoe. Population estimates are approximate, ranging from 85,000 to over 1 million residents; Makoko lacks formal recognition from the LASG, making accurate census data difficult to obtain. Community members face challenges like inadequate sanitation, unreliable electricity, limited access to education and healthcare and overcrowding. 

In an interview with the BBC, Lagos real estate developer Peacemaker Afolabi states, "Everywhere in Lagos is prime land. And waterfront is always prime.” Demolitions of Makoko began in December 2025 and continued into 2026. The LASG has affirmed that the demolitions only targeted structures within a 100 to 250-meter radius of high-voltage power lines, which pose safety risks to residents, and that proper warning was provided beforehand.

Aerial view of Makoko waterfront settlements on the Lagos Lagoon. S.aderogba. CC BY-SA 4.0.

The demolitions were carried out by bulldozers and armed police, who used force and tear gas against protestors opposing the evictions. Thousands of homes, shops and community sites were destroyed. At least 40,000 people were displaced, sleeping on the demolition debris, under bridges or in canoes without personal belongings, safe shelter or the means to continue their livelihoods. As of May 2026, a resettlement plan to move displaced residents to Agbowa-Ikosi, a community built by refugees, has been proposed by the Lagos State Assembly, but the LASG and Makoko leadership have yet to reach a concrete agreement. 

The 2025-2026 demolitions are not isolated incidents. Makoko has experienced demolitions and displacement tied to private development projects dating back to 2005. Similarly, in 2012, residents only received three days' notice before thousands of homes were removed, again citing proximity to power lines. Since then, Makoko residents have proposed sustainable reconstruction plans that preserve the community’s cultural and historical ties to the waterfront, including the Makoko/Iwaya Regeneration Plan, which the LASG has not implemented.   

The city government maintains that the demolitions protect both the coastal environment and residents living near high-voltage power lines. However, residents believe that the bulldozing extended beyond the warned radius and that adequate warning was not given. The LASG also faces criticism for failing to recognize generational customary land rights and providing no financial support to displaced residents. 

The absence of community-based reconstruction plans and affordable housing options in Lagos has drawn skepticism from the UN, NGOs and Makoko residents. In a 2026 press release, experts from the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights advised Lagos state authorities to suspend demolitions, provide the necessary assistance to displaced communities and involve Makoko residents in future developments. 

GET INVOLVED:

Follow organizations such as the International Network for Economic,

Social and Cultural Rights (ESCR-Net), which frequently posts articles, resources and events focused on global housing and human rights issues. ESCR-Net also released a solidarity letter demanding an end to forced evictions in Makoko, accountability for the resulting harms caused and stronger protections for residents’ rights. 

Donate or contribute expertise to JEI, a community-based legal advocacy organization providing paralegal services to Nigerian communities, including Makoko. Additionally, support their YouTube channel, Media4Change, a partnership with storytellers from Nigerian informal settlements that regularly posts video projects documenting the experiences and challenges facing these communities.

Follow, support or volunteer with Nigeria-based organizations empowering local communities, including Home of Mother Earth Foundation, Spaces for Change and the Nigerian Slum/Informal Settlement Federation. 

Explore the Slum Dwellers International website to learn more about human rights issues facing informal settlements globally, as well as their advocacy and support in expanding access to economic opportunities and essential services.

Julia Sassaman

Julia is a fourth-year student at the University of Michigan studying political science and international studies. She recently studied abroad in Geneva, Switzerland, researching post-conflict tourism and international human rights law. After graduation, she hopes to move to Europe to pursue a career centered on global human rights. In her free time, she enjoys painting, baking, journaling, and reading.

Beyond the Pyramids: A Guide to Egypt

Carson Jelinek

Discover what else Egypt has to offer from its other natural wonders to its hearty cuisine.

Columns in Egypt. imedias. Pixabay.

The pyramids are often the first things people picture when they think of Egypt, but they are just one part of the country’s rich heritage. With deserts shaped by wind, saltwater oases, colorful coral reefs in clear water and cities where ancient temples stand next to modern buildings, Egypt is much more than just one famous landmark. Visiting without seeing the pyramids lets you discover a deeper and more varied side of a timeless country.

Dock at Red Sea.. Irfan Mujagic. Pixabay.

One of Egypt’s natural wonders is the Sahara el Beyda, also known as the White Desert National Park. This protected national park is famous for its surreal, otherworldly white chalk formations, sculpted by wind erosion into shapes resembling mushrooms and animals. The desert is rich in fossils from an ancient sea and is a popular nighttime camping spot because of the golden sun that sets over it.

White Desert National Park. Xingchen Xiao. Pixabay.

Located near the Libyan border, the Siwa Oasis is a significant natural site characterized by hundreds of springs and thousands of olive and palm trees. The oasis is also home to the temple of the Oracle of Amun, a historical landmark once visited by Alexander the Great.

Feathertail rays in the Red Sea. Franziska Stier. Pixabay.

Stretching along the western shore of the Gulf of Aqaba and the eastern coast of the mainland lies the Red Sea Riviera. With over 1,000 miles of shoreline and clear, warm waters, this spot is perfect for diving, where travelers can observe colorful coral reefs and exquisite marine life. The Red Sea features a world-class ecosystem of over 2,000 different fish species, and 10% of which can’t be found anywhere else in the world. There are also more than 300 coral species, making it a prime spot for dugongs, spinner dolphins and various sharks.

Hot air balloons in Luxor. Diego F. Parra. Pexels.

Luxor, Egypt, is renowned as the world's largest open-air museum, featuring extensive ancient Theban ruins, such as the Valley of the Kings, which contains the tomb of Tutankhamun. Visitors can also explore the city’s intricate temple complexes, like the Karnak and Luxor Temples. For a comprehensive perspective of the area, hot air balloon tours offer panoramic views of these historic sites.

Egyptian paella. koki_4ever. Pixabay.

Egyptian cuisine is characterized by flavorful dishes that prominently feature beans, legumes, rice and fresh herbs. Notable staples include koshari, which is a pasta, lentil and rice dish that serves as national street food, commonly consumed by students and office workers. Another significant dish is ful medames, a slow-cooked meal of mashed fava beans cooked in oil and spices, typically served with bread for breakfast. Both dishes are inexpensive, filling and widely available from street stalls and small local restaurants, making them an everyday option for a wide range of Egyptians.

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Carson Jelinek

Carson is a 22 year old writer and filmmaker studying film and media productions at Arizona State University. His work explores travel, culture, and the people behind the places, with a focus on stories that encourage curiosity and global understanding.

How Rats are Combating Cambodia’s Mine Crisis

Ryan Yianni

On the outskirts of Siem Reap, rats are leading the fight against landmines in one of the world’s most affected countries.

Author pictured with Glen the HeroRAT. Ryan Yianni.

“Once you’ve been to Cambodia, you’ll never stop wanting to beat Henry Kissinger to death with your bare hands.” 

One of the late Anthony Bourdain’s most recognizable quotes centers on the role the U.S. played in the devastation of the mine-infested Southeast Asian country during the Vietnam and Cambodian Civil Wars. Cambodia’s natural beauty, plethora of breathtaking temples and numerous UNESCO World Heritage sites are overshadowed by its dark history of authoritarianism and genocide under Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge. Perhaps there is no greater evidence of the past’s lingering effect on the nation than the estimated 6 million mines still littered across Cambodia, which claimed the lives of 12 people in 2024, along with another 29 casualties and eight amputations. During my visit to the country in March 2025, I was able to seeAPOPO’s visitor center, learning how one organization is working to clear these mines using a rather unconventional method: rats.

Cambodia has one of the highest rates of amputation in the world, with over 40,000 amputees since the outbreak of hostilities in the 1960s. Several sides are responsible for planting the explosives that have caused these casualties; the Americans dropped nearly 3 million tons of ordnance between 1965 and 1973, the Khmer Rouge, under Pot, laid an estimated 4 million to 6 million landmines and other munitions, and the government of the People’s Republic of Kampuchea, a satellite state of Vietnam, planted mines along the entirety of the Cambodia-Thailand border after the Rouge’s overthrowal. There are a number of organizations working to remove the remaining unexploded ordnance (UXO) in Cambodia, such as the HALO Trust, Mines Advisory Group and Cambodian Self Help Demining, all doing valuable work. One notable group is APOPO, which stands out for its innovative use of rats as a mine action solution.

APOPO is a Belgian NGO that trains southern giant pouched rats, dubbed HeroRATs, and survey dogs to detect landmines and tuberculosis. Founded in 1997 by Bart Weetjens, who discovered a publication in which gerbils were used for scent detection, APOPO began training rats in 1998 with funding from the Belgian government before relocating their headquarters to Tanzania in 2000, where they are still based. Having gathered enough evidence that the rats would be effective, they carried out their first trials in 2003, with all twenty landmines successfully found. Achieving operational accreditation in 2004, the group officially launched its HeroRAT campaign the following year before beginning its operations in 2006, tackling mine-clearance procedures in Mozambique. They partnered with the Cambodian Mine Action Center in 2014, with the first group of HeroRATs arriving in 2015. As of 2026, they operate in Angola, Azerbaijan, Cambodia and Ukraine, and they have cleared over 170,000 mines from over 132 million square meters of land. Their work so far in Cambodia has seen them clear over 8,000 landmines and nearly 43,000 pieces of UXO, such as bombs, shells and other munitions that failed to detonate, returning over 75 million square meters of land to local communities. At APOPO’s visitor center in Siem Reap, you can learn firsthand about the work they do in helping clear Cambodia of mines and overcome the traumas of the country’s past.

The visitor center provides tours every day from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Each tour lasts approximately one hour, and tickets can be purchased on arrival or in advance on their website. I arrived at the center in the afternoon after a ten-minute tuk-tuk ride from the core of Siem Reap. Conveniently, the center is also located near Angkor Wat, making the temple a perfect addition to your travel itinerary (plus, they have a cafe on site and make a great mango smoothie). On my visit to the APOPO center, having gone later in the day, I was able to enjoy fewer crowds, followed by a beautiful sunset at Angkor Wat. Most people go to the center in the morning before heading to Angkor Wat during the day, as you can’t go past the main gates of the temple after 5 p.m. 

At the start of the tour, you’ll be shown a video contextualizing the scale of the mine issue in Cambodia and explaining the work that APOPO does to clear UXO. Then you will be able to look through the center at the displays of cleared explosives before heading out to the demonstration zone, where you finally meet the stars of the show: the HeroRATs.

Recovered explosives housed in the APOPO Visitor Center. Ryan Yianni

Once outside, you get an up-close and personal interaction with the rats, even being able to hold one of them. Here, I learned that the rats are trained with a click toy to encourage them to hunt before they are introduced to the TNT scent. The weight of the rats allows them to detect mines without setting them off, and the speed at which they can locate the scents makes for an efficient way to clear large swathes of land. The rats are much quicker and safer than humans ever could be; once fully trained, they can clear an area the size of a tennis court in 30 minutes. To put that into perspective, it would take a human using a metal detector four days to clear an area this size. At the center, you will also get to see a reenactment of how they scan for TNT, with defused mines laid out in the demonstration zone for the rats to sniff and detect.

Demonstration area in APOPO Visitor Center. Ryan Yianni.

Undoubtedly, the hero and poster boy of the APOPO mission is Ronin, who in 2024 was awarded a Guinness World Record for being the most successful Mine Detection Rat in history, having detected 109 landmines and 15 items of UXO in Cambodia. Unfortunately, during the production of this article, APOPO announced that Ronin had passed away after suffering health complications. There is still a whole team of HeroRATs stationed in Cambodia, with 24 new rats arriving from their training base in Mozambique in October 2025.

APOPO is a brilliant organization working hard to remove landmines and UXO from the Cambodian countryside and beyond. They strive to make the world a safer place and help countries move past their dark histories, and having recently celebrated 10 years of operations in Cambodia, they’re showing no signs of slowing down in their mission to help the country become completely mine-free. Taking a trip to APOPO’s visitor center is especially enlightening when taking in the context of some of Siem Reap’s other important historical sites, such as the genocide museum and the killing fields. Visiting will give you a raw, unfiltered look into the horrors of the Pol Pot regime and an appreciation for Cambodia’s emergence from the dark history it is still facing the consequences of.

GET INVOLVED:
If you would like to support APOPO’s work, you can do so here.

Ryan Yianni