Trapped in Time: Antarctica’s Secret Blood Falls 

With technology advancing at a record pace, few wonders remain that puzzle scientists. However, deep in the frigid tundra of Antarctica lies one marvel that has attracted photographers and skeptics alike. 

Antarctica’s Blood Falls. arielwaldman. CC BY-NC 2.0. 

In the Taylor Valley of Antarctica lies a mighty natural wonder called the Taylor Glacier. Although a spectacle in and of itself, the glacier is only an opening to an even more magnificent miracle. Sandwiched between Taylor Glacier and the underlying bedrock is a “lake” that leads to a “waterfall” known as Blood Falls. The spectacle earned its name due to the deep, murky red color of the water; the glacier releases a beautiful, bloody fountain where it has burst open. Photos of the site capture winding streams of water, which are painted with endless stripes of crimson and cream, flowing over the rocky landscape. 

Geologist Thomas Griffith Taylor, for whom the Taylor Valley is named, first discovered the Blood Falls on a voyage in 1911; he was alarmed by the scarlet hue spilling from what is normally a monochrome, colorless landscape. For the remainder of the 20th century, explanations for the vermilion wonder came up short. It was not until 2015 that scientists finally concluded that the waterfall’s maroon color is due to the presence of iron oxides. Cracks in the glacier expose the iron to oxygen, causing it to turn red in the same way rusting bike spokes produce a brick-red hue. Previously, the long-standing theory for the coloring had been the presence of reddish algae, although the theory lacked sufficient evidence. 

Taylor Glacier. Mike Martoccia. CC BY-SA 2.0. 

However, Blood Falls still presented two seemingly insurmountable scientific dilemmas: how did the water get there in the first place, and why did the water not freeze under the weight of an enormous glacier? Luckily, researchers at the University of Alaska Fairbanks soon answered these questions: water channels brought it from an underground reservoir, and the heat released from the freezing of the glacier kept the lake in a liquid state. 

In addition to the striking red color, researchers found the water to be very salty, but the source of this brine truly stumped scientists. 

The team applied radio-echo sounding, the use of sound waves to measure the location of a distant object, to construct an extensive map of underground water channels. They concluded that the brine reached the falls through the channels after about 1.5 million years. The “lake” from which the brine is sourced was found to sit underneath the glacier, and has slowly absorbed iron from the bedrock. The brine seeps into the ice due to the high pressure of the glacier’s weight. Researchers concluded that the concealed lake never froze over due to the heat produced from the process of glacial freezing. 

Finally, scientists stumbled upon a remarkable discovery: the lake houses microbial ecosystems that live off of sulfate in the water’s oxygen-depleted environment. The presence of the ecosystem gives scientists a vital clue to the processes of Earth’s early life forms, and provides a picture of what life could be like on oxygen-depleted planets. 

To the untrained eye, Antarctica’s Blood Falls may appear to be just another facet of Mother Nature’s artistry, but any digging quickly reveals a complicated puzzle that scientists are still working to piece together.

Ella Nguyen

Ella is an undergraduate student at Vassar College pursuing a degree in Hispanic Studies. She wants to assist in the field of immigration law and hopes to utilize Spanish in her future projects. In her free time she enjoys cooking, writing poetry, and learning about cosmetics.

All the Way to Timbuktu: Exploring the Cultural Riches of Mali 

Look beyond what the Western media says to appreciate Mali’s rich cultural heritage.

WARNING: As of February 2021, the U.S. Department of State advises against all travel to Mali due to risk of crime, terrorism and kidnapping. For the time being, enjoy the country from your computer screen. Do not visit Mali.

A man reading historical manuscripts from West Africa. Jermaine Johnson. CC2.0

Mali is a landlocked country located in the heart of West Africa. Mali’s rich history dates back to the 11th century, when the empire of Mali controlled vast swaths of the Niger River valley. Known as a beacon for Islamic scholarship and trade from the 13th to the 16th century, things took a turn when the French colonized the country in 1898. Since achieving independence in 1960, Mali has suffered from coups, droughts, corruption and insurgencies by Islamic extremists in the country’s north. 

Despite Mali’s negative reputation in Western media coverage, the country has a fascinating history and vibrant culture that deserves to be celebrated—from afar, until safety returns. Here are some of the stunning historical and cultural sites in Mali: 

Djenne

The Great Mosque and market in Djenne, Mali. Carsten ten Brink. CC2.0

Located in central Mali on a seasonal island in between the Niger and Bani rivers, Djenne is one of sub-Saharan Africa’s oldest towns and has been inhabited since 250 B.C. The town was a stopping point for traders in the trans-Saharan gold trade and was known as a hub of Islamic learning during the 15th and 16th centuries. The stunning Great Mosque in Djenne is the world’s largest adobe structure, containing three turrets. Interestingly, adobe structures are very common in Mali due to the lack of wood in the desert. The area in front of the mosque makes a great spot for people-watching and is the site of a colorful market every Monday. 

Cliffs of Bandiagara

A village in Mali’s Dogon region. Emilio Labrador. CC2.0

A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the cliffs of Bandiagara are home to the Dogon people, who continue to carry on age-old traditions. Carved into tall sandstone cliffs, the Dogon region stretches for over 125 miles and provides a fascinating place for travelers. Due to the region’s remote nature, the culture of the Dogon people has been mostly left unchanged for centuries. Dogon cultural festivals take place from April to May and contain beautiful Dogon masks, dance and art. Travelers in the Dogon region often stay overnight in Mopti, a town located along the Niger River. 

Timbuktu

Conducting maintenance at Djingareyber Mosque in Timbuktu. United Nations. CC2.0

A city fabled for its rich heritage as a trading center, Timbuktu is still a crucial point for salt caravans traveling across the Sahara desert. From the 13th to 16th centuries, Timbuktu was a center of Islamic scholarship, with its teachings and sacred texts disseminated across the Muslim world as far as Cairo, Persia and Baghdad. The city was home to a 25,000-student university and several magnificent mosques, including Djingareyber, Sankore and Sidi Yahia. Many manuscripts are now in danger of falling apart or being sold on the black market. Due to recent conflicts in northern Mali, Timbuktu was proclaimed an endangered World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2012. Thus, preserving Timbuktu’s historical legacy is of utmost concern. 

Bamako

A market in Bamako. Aene gespinst. CC2.0

Mali’s capital is a vibrant city located on the Niger River in the southern part of the country. Translated as “crocodile river” in the Bambara language, it is an exciting place to acclimate to Malian life and culture, whether by trying the local cuisine, visiting bustling markets or exploring Mali’s music scene, which is well known throughout Africa. 

Mali’s rich historical legacy is often overshadowed in the Western media by stories of violence caused by religious extremists, but there is much more to the story. One must be willing to look beyond the country’s negative portrayal to appreciate Mali’s true cultural heritage.

Megan Gürer

Megan is a Turkish-American student at Wellesley College in Massachusetts studying Biological Sciences. Passionate about environmental issues and learning about other cultures, she dreams of exploring the globe. In her free time, she enjoys cooking, singing, and composing music.

7 Dazzling Light Festivals 

What better time to explore a new city than during a magnificent festival of lights? These seven festivals are annual events sure to immerse visitors in vivid lights and unique cultures. 

Lights are an important part of culture and art around the world. They symbolize new beginnings, celebrate historic traditions and are glimmering, eye-catching sources of entertainment. Many countries host annual festivals with lights at their center. These seven light festivals display floating lanterns, light sculptures, intricate projections and even raging bonfires. The lights on display vary from festival to festival, as does the history behind each event, but every event is sure to dazzle visitors. 

1. Las Fallas de Valencia, Spain

Each year over a million revelers gather in Valencia, Spain, for this five-day fire festival. Las Fallas begins on March 15, when more than 700 “ninots,” towering statues made of cardboard, papier mache, wood or plaster, are set up around the city. The ninots are eye-catching: often multiple stories tall, colorful and exaggerated depictions of current events and satirical scenes. Las Fallas originates from an old carpenter's tradition of burning materials on March 19 to celebrate the arrival of spring. The carpenters’ bonfires of old wood and rags developed into the elaborate ninots seen today. On the final day of the festival, March 19, all but one of the ninots are set ablaze in the festival's dramatic climax. The ninot that is spared from the fire, known as the “ninot indultat,” is chosen by popular vote and preserved in Valencia’s Fallas Museum alongside ninot indultats from years past. While the ninots and their burning are the festival’s main attraction, they are far from all that Las Fallas has to offer. Daily firework shows light up the sky, and music, parades and delicious authentic food are sure to keep visitors entertained. 

2. Festival of Lights, France

France’s Festival of Lights, a tradition in the city of Lyon, is a pre-Christmas celebration dating back to 1852. In 1852, a statue of the Virgin Mary was scheduled to be erected on Sept. 8, but the statue’s delivery was delayed by flooding. The event was postponed to Dec. 8, the date of the Feast of the Immaculate Conception. Due to inclement weather, the official ceremonies again had to be postponed. But as night fell, the weather cleared, and citizens of Lyon placed lit candles on their windowsills and balconies in a show of unity. Since then, Dec. 8 has become a day known for illumination in Lyon. The tradition escalated in the 1960s, when shops began window-lighting competitions, making the lights in Lyon more elaborate and widespread. The illumination of the city has spread in the years since, and every year around Dec. 8, light displays spotlight city squares, streets, bridges and even rivers. Much of the light at the festival comes in the form of projections on building facades, created by visual artists, that transform Lyon into a dreamlike world of glittering color. 

3. Lantern Festival, China

China’s Lantern Festival, held on the 15th day of the first lunar month, typically falling in February or March, marks the end of the Chinese New Year (Spring Festival). As the name suggests, glowing lanterns are the centerpiece of the festival. During the festival, lanterns in all shapes and sizes adorn China’s cities. The lanterns display artwork depicting traditional Chinese images like animals, fruits, flowers and people. The lighting of lanterns represents illuminating the future. The Lantern Festival dates back over 2,000 years, to the Western Han dynasty. Emperor Wen made the 15th a national holiday in celebration of the return to peace, and every household began to light candles and lanterns. A later ruler, Emperor Ming of the Eastern Han, was a devout Buddhist, and learned that monks would light candles for the Buddha on the 15th. Emperor Ming ordered that the palace and temples light candles on the 15th as well, and that citizens hang lanterns. The two events combined to form the Lantern Festival that is celebrated today. In addition to the lighting and admiration of the lanterns, visitors to China’s Lantern Festival can watch lion dances, eat “tangyuan” traditional dumplings, and try to solve riddles affixed to lanterns in order to win a prize. 

4. St. Martin’s Day, Netherlands

St. Martin’s Day is a children’s festival celebrated every Nov. 11 in honor of St. Martin, who was traditionally regarded as the patron saint of the poor and a friend to children. Nov. 11 is the day of St. Martin’s passing, but the atmosphere of the festival is joyful, not somber. The festival is similar to American Halloween, with children going door to door to collect treats such as candy, fruits or pancakes. Unlike Halloween, however, children do not dress up in costumes. Instead, they carry lanterns and parade around the neighborhood. Adults place similar lanterns outside their homes to show that they are offering treats to the revelers. Historically, children’s lanterns were made out of hollowed-out turnips and sugar beets hanging from a stick. These days, most children make and decorate their own paper lanterns at home or school, or lanterns can be purchased at grocery stores. Rather than saying “trick or treat,” children in the Netherlands sing songs to earn their treats. There are a few common songs for the festival, but children can sing any song they like, even ones of their own creation. 

5. Loi Krathong, Thailand

On the evening of the 12th lunar month, which usually falls toward the beginning of November, the whole country celebrates Loi Krathong, Thailand's Festival of Lights. Loi Krathong translates to “floating basket,” and it is a celebration of renewal, leaving behind the old and welcoming in the new. Thousands of lotus-shaped boats made from banana leaves called “krathong” are lit with candles and set afloat in waterways. In the north of Thailand, the krathong are joined by lanterns released into the sky for another light festival, Yi Peng, which often coincides with Loi Krathong. Most Loi Krathong celebrations are concentrated around waterways, since they are necessary to float the krathong. According to legend, Loi Krathong originated with Nang Nopphamat, a beautiful lady of the court in an ancient city. Wanting to catch the attention of the king, Nopphamat constructed a boat out of lotus leaves, placed a candle inside, and floated it down the river, creating the krathong. Today, the festival includes beauty contests in honor of Nopphamat, as well as parades, fireworks and, of course, the floating of the krathong. 

6. Bonfire Night, England

This celebration, also known as Guy Fawkes Day, takes place each year on Nov. 5. Bonfire Night marks the anniversary of the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot of 1605, a plan by Catholic conspirators to blow up the British Houses of Parliament. Guy Fawkes was one of the conspirators. He was captured and taken into custody the night before the attack and eventually tried, convicted and executed. The other conspirators met the same fate, or were killed resisting arrest. Today, Guy Fawkes Day is celebrated with fireworks, food, parades and bonfires, hence why the celebration is also called Bonfire Night. Effigies of Guy Fawkes, made from old clothes stuffed with paper and straw and commonly called “The Guy,” are thrown on the bonfires. The bonfires are also used to heat soup and cook potatoes to feed the crowds that gather to watch the brilliant fireworks displays. 

7. Vivid Sydney, Australia

Vivid Sydney is billed as a festival of light, music and ideas. Each year, more than 2 million visitors flock to Sydney to watch live music performances, attend creative workshops, talks and conferences, and see some of the city’s historic sites go up in lights. The festival lasts for 23 days, and the Sydney Opera House, Customs House and Taronga Zoo, among others, are all illuminated nightly at 6 p.m. Over the course of the festival, Sydney becomes a work of art, displaying light sculptures, large-scale projections and light installations. To best take in the massive array of lights, visitors to Vivid Sydney can follow the Vivid Light Walk, a route that stretches from The Rocks, a historic neighborhood by the Sydney Harbour Bridge, to the Sydney Opera House, winding through a number of attractions on the way. Several of the light installations are typically interactive, adding another dimension to the fun.

Rachel Lynch

Rachel is a student at Sarah Lawrence College in Bronxville, NY currently taking a semester off. She plans to study Writing and Child Development. Rachel loves to travel and is inspired by the places she’s been and everywhere she wants to go. She hopes to educate people on social justice issues and the history and culture of travel destinations through her writing.

Beyond Bora Bora: 7 Lesser-Known Islands in French Polynesia

Although French Polynesia conjures up images of honeymooners and overwater bungalows, the region’s less-visited islands abound in natural beauty and warm hospitality.

Stunning views in French Polynesia. Dany13. CC2.0

French Polynesia is a South Pacific collectivity under French jurisdiction made up of five island groups: the Society, Tuamotu, Marquesas, Austral and Gambier islands. The region’s history goes back as early as 500 B.C., when Polynesians traveling east from Tonga and Samoa reached the islands. Once explorers arrived in the 16th century, European fascination with the South Pacific began to grow. As a result, the islands became a French colony in 1880. French Polynesia developed quickly in the 1960s and eventually gained more political autonomy, becoming an autonomous overseas country of France in 2004. 

Polynesian culture and traditions are an essential part of life on the islands. Locals appreciate their heritage and proudly showcase their vibrant culture to visitors. Examples of exemplary Polynesian craftsmanship include wood carving, weaving and tattooing, a practice deeply rooted in Polynesian mythology. Mesmerizing songs and dance embody the Polynesian spirit and allow islanders to pass down their culture and history from generation to generation. 

The islands of Tahiti, Moorea and Bora Bora are the most sought-after destinations in French Polynesia due to their world-renowned resorts with overwater bungalows. However, there is much more to the islands than simply a luxury vacation. Visiting these seven French Polynesian islands will allow travelers to gain an insight into Polynesian life and the islands’ rich culture.

Polynesian dancers in Raiatea. Caproni. CC2.0

Raiatea

Known as the “sacred island,” Raiatea is the birthplace of Polynesian culture. Polynesians first gathered at the marae of Taputapuatea, as the sacred site was the political and religious center of Polynesia in ancient times. From Taputapuatea, Polynesians set off in outrigger canoes traveling west to New Zealand and north to Hawaii. Taputapuatea is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and can be visited with the accompaniment of a guide. Communities from Hawaii, New Zealand and the Cook Islands travel here as part of a pilgrimage to connect with their rich cultural heritage. 

Raiatea is also the only place in the world where the tiare apetahi grows. A beautiful white flower with five petals, it has become a symbol of the island itself. Faaroa River on Raiatea is French Polynesia’s only navigable river and was said to be the starting point for outrigger canoes heading across the ocean. Raiatea is also one of the top yachting destinations in French Polynesia with a vast lagoon and excellent sailing conditions. 

Vanilla pods. Hcabral. CC2.0

Tahaa

Accessible by ferry from neighboring Raiatea, Tahaa is one of the most beautiful of French Polynesia’s islands. The island has a rugged and untouched feel, dotted with lush tropical greenery and tiny villages. Known as the “vanilla island,'' Tahaa produces more than 70% of French Polynesian vanilla. Travelers can check out La Vallee de la Vanille, which is the only organic vanilla production on the island. Tahaa’s lagoons have many small islets (known as motus) which provide numerous opportunities for snorkeling in vibrant coral gardens. Tahaa also provides stunning views of neighboring Bora Bora, especially at sunset. 

Views of Huahine’s lagoon. Tiarescott. CC2.0

Huahine

Huahine is one of French Polynesia’s least-visited islands, often referred to as “the secret island.” Containing Huahine Nui (Big Huahine), Huahine Iti (Little Huahine) and eight villages, Huahine provides a break from the stresses of the modern world. As the island receives few tourists, visitors can expect to be welcomed to Huahine with great hospitality. The island is known for its lush greenery and landscape dotted with fruit and vanilla plantations. Huahine abounds in cultural sites, containing the largest number of marae temples in all of Polynesia. Huahine is also home to blue-eyed eels, sacred fish ranging from 4 to 6 feet long that live in a stream near the village of Faie. 

Palm trees in Fakarava. Villenueve. Public domain

Fakarava

Located in the Tuamotu archipelago, the largest group of atolls in the world, Fakarava is known throughout French Polynesia for its stunning natural beauty. Meaning “beautiful” or “making things superb” in Tahitian, Fakarava is a designated UNESCO Biosphere Reserve for its abundant marine life. There are many conservation efforts underway here, including educational outreach programs and monitoring of the island’s flora and fauna. The French artist Henri Mattise visited Fakarava in 1930 and was said to be blown away by the countless shades of blue in the lagoon, inspiring many of his later creations. 

Rangiroa atoll from the air. Keats. CC2.0

Rangiroa

Also located in the Tuamotu archipelago, Rangiroa is the second-largest atoll in the world. Containing over 240 islets surrounding an enormous lagoon, there is no shortage of places to visit. The Rangiroa atoll is also one of the best places in the world for scuba diving. The waters near the villages of Tiputa and Avatoru provide excellent opportunities to see sharks, dolphins, manta rays and more. Other noteworthy sights in Rangiroa include Le Sable Roses, a pink sand beach located on the atoll’s southern rim, and Blue Lagoon, a spot that’s often referred to as a natural aquarium for its abundance of fish. 

Manihi’s lagoon. Cyriljouin. CC4.0

Manihi

With less than 1,000 residents, the island of Manihi provides an opportunity for travelers to experience slow-paced island life. The first black pearl farm in French Polynesia began in Manihi in 1965, a practice that has since become widespread across the islands. Today, pearl farming remains a crucial part of Manihi’s economy and culture. Travelers can visit these farms to learn about this fascinating process while supporting local businesses.

Views of Rurutu. Burckel. CC2.0

Rurutu

Rurutu is in French Polynesia's Austral Islands about 370 miles south of Tahiti. The island has stunning mountains and fertile landscapes dotted with fruit and coffee plantations. Humpback whales are Rurutu’s main attraction and can be found from August to October. Moerai, the largest village and home to most of Rurutu’s 2,400 people, provides a great insight into the island’s unique culture. Skilled female artisans known as mamas are renowned for their exquisite handwoven goods, including hats, mats and patchwork blankets called “tifaifai.” Moerai was also home to the famous Tiki statue of Aa, although only a replica remains on the island. The original statue is in the British Museum in London. 

In this time of global uncertainty, small island nations that depend heavily on tourism feel the impacts of the pandemic the hardest. By appreciating the unique customs and cultures of small island communities such as those in French Polynesia, their way of life can be preserved for generations to come. 

Megan Gürer

Megan is a Turkish-American student at Wellesley College in Massachusetts studying Biological Sciences. Passionate about environmental issues and learning about other cultures, she dreams of exploring the globe. In her free time, she enjoys cooking, singing, and composing music.

New Brunswick Provides Unique Experiences on the Road Less Traveled

The J.C. Van Horne Bridge in Campbellton, New Brunswick. Dennis Jarvis. CC BY-SA 2.0.

When visiting Canada, travelers often opt for the cosmopolitan scenes of Toronto, the French culture of Quebec, or the beauty of Vancouver. But when planning a post-pandemic trip up north, one would be remiss to overlook the Maritime province of New Brunswick.

Located on the Eastern Seaboard between Nova Scotia and Quebec, and immediately north of Maine, is New Brunswick. The province of roughly 780,000 is Canada’s only officially bilingual province, with roughly two-thirds of New Brunswickers speaking English, one-third speaking French, and 34% being bilingual. This split is physically noticeable, with the English speakers living predominantly in the south and the French speakers living predominantly in the north.

The province is home to a rich cultural history as well as a number of world-renowned parks, beaches, and food and entertainment options.

A Brief History of Acadian Expulsion

A painting by Thomas Davies depicting the burning of the city of Grimross, a pivotal moment in the mass deportation of the Acadians by the British. Public Domain

The cultural split in New Brunswick is due to the province’s history of colonialism. In 1604, the first French colonizers arrived in what is now modern-day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. The region became known as “Acadia,” and ownership was contested for several decades due to the growing influence of British provinces in New England, Prince Edward Island and the northernmost part of modern-day Nova Scotia.

After numerous wars, the British took control of Acadia in 1710. Many Acadians, descendents of the original French colonizers, were expelled from the region beginning in the 1750s after refusing to swear an oath of loyalty to the British monarchy. Many were deported back to France, while others were expelled to Louisiana and the Caribbean.

Many descendants of the original Acadians would slowly return to what is now New Brunswick throughout the following centuries, primarily in the villages along the province’s northern coast. In 2003, at the urging of Acadian representatives, Queen Elizabeth II issued a proclamation acknowledging the mass deportation, and established July 28 as a commemoration of what is now referred to as the Great Upheaval.

A Plethora of Experiences for All to Enjoy

A view of Centennial Park in Moncton, New Brunswick. James Mann. CC BY 2.0.

One of the most popular attractions in New Brunswick is the Acadian Coastal Drive. This roughly 450-mile route is marked with signs depicting an image of a sea star, an homage to the sea creatures that live in the warm waters off the Acadian Coast.

In driving along the route, travelers will be able to satisfy their wanderlust to its full extent. A stop at the Kouchibouguac National Park brings beaches with the warmest saltwater north of Virginia. The Village Historique Acadian is a large, open-air museum that showcases Acadian history for the French Canadians who historically resided in New Brunswick and neighboring Nova Scotia.

Additionally, no trip along the Acadian Coastal Drive would be complete without a stop for seafood. Lobster rolls at La Homard Mobile, raw oysters at La Maison Beausoleil and sushi at Mitchan Sushi provide some of the best food in the province.

But the Acadian Coastal Drive is merely one of many amazing experiences available to travelers in New Brunswick. The province is home to some of Canada’s best performing arts outlets, including Music New Brunswick, an organization that hosts concerts and festivals around the province, Symphony New Brunswick, an orchestra that has run for 36 seasons, and Theatre New Brunswick, one of Canada’s most prominent regional theater companies.

A visit to the Mount Carleton Provincial Park in New Brunswick’s interior is a must for any nature lover. The park’s 42,000 acres of untouched wilderness are home to over 100 species of birds and 30 species of mammals, as well as a number of rare plants. The park is also a popular spot for hiking, with Mount Carleton, Mount Head and Mount Sagamook being the highest peaks in Canada’s Maritime provinces.

Further south is the city of Saint John. Located along the Bay of Fundy, Saint John has historically been the cultural hub of New Brunswick. The city is home to a number of performing arts venues, including the aforementioned Symphony New Brunswick, and numerous museums such as the New Brunswick Museum and the Saint John Jewish Historical Museum. It also houses historical sites including the Carleton Martello Tower, one of the oldest buildings in the city, and Fort Howe, a British fort constructed during the American Revolutionary War.

Another historical site, the Saint John City Market, is a popular spot for food lovers. Visitors to the market can try fresh naan from Naan-ya Business, fresh lobster, oysters and crab from Billy’s Seafood Company, and the ever-popular Canadian treat poutine from North Market Seafood.

While often overlooked for the more populated provinces, New Brunswick represents a new frontier for travelers eager to find an alternative spot in Canada. The province’s history, nature, culture and food offerings allow everyone who visits to have a memorable journey.

Jacob Sutherland

Jacob is a recent graduate from the University of California San Diego where he majored in Political Science and minored in Spanish Language Studies. He previously served as the News Editor for The UCSD Guardian, and hopes to shed light on social justice issues in his work.

A Glimpse at Ethiopia’s Medieval Rock-Hewn Churches 

A group of 11 churches in Lalibela, Ethiopia, has been known for centuries as the “New Jerusalem.” The churches were carved from the natural rock of the landscape during medieval times and are a popular pilgrimage site for Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. 

Lalibela, located in the northern highlands of Ethiopia, is home to 11 monolithic churches, each carved from the rocky landscape. The square and rectangular churches burrow more than 150 feet into the ground. Tall walls of rock rise around the churches on all sides, with their roofs sitting at the height of the natural rock. Worshippers and visitors at the churches access them through narrow, sloping staircases, and series of tunnels and passageways connect the churches to each other and to other religious areas like catacombs. Everything in each church is carved from the same rocky mass, including windows, doors, pillars, stairways and all decorative elements. Ethiopia is home to over 200 rock-hewn churches, but these 11, which make up a UNESCO World Heritage Site, are some of the best maintained and most impressive examples of this type of architecture.

Lalibela’s churches are intricate, awe-inspiring structures. Situated at the base of Mount Abuna Yosef is a rocky massif, a large, rigid section of the Earth’s crust. Ancient workers carved the 11 churches out of the rock from the top down, first isolating the outline of each structure and then sculpting the inside and the fine, ornamental details of the outer walls. The Lalibela church complex is divided into two sections of five churches separated by the River Jordan, one group on the north side and one on the south, and a lone church farther to the west. The churches date to the medieval era, and scholars agree that they were likely constructed in four or five phases between the seventh and 13th centuries. 

Ethiopian tradition credits King Lalibela, who ruled during the 12th century, with the creation of the churches. In the king's laudatory biography, it is written that angels helped him carve the churches over a period of 24 years. According to tradition, King Lalibela ordered the construction of the churches as a “New Jerusalem.” He is said to have visited Jerusalem just before the city was overtaken by Muslim forces, halting Christian pilgrimages to the Holy Land. Ethiopia has been officially Christian since 330 A.D. and claims to be the oldest Christian country in the world, so the story of King Lalibela and the rock-hewn churches fits into the country’s history. 

In reality, the earlier structures in the Lalibela complex were most likely constructed for civic rather than religious purposes, serving as royal palaces or fortresses before later being converted into churches. Though not all of the Lalibela churches initially served as churches, the complex became known as a “New Jerusalem” and has been a popular pilgrimage site since the late 12th century. The churches remain a pilgrimage site today, and host daily religious services. 

 Aside from the large numbers of worshippers that gather each day, Lalibela’s phenomenal churches draw curious visitors. Guided tours of the complex are available, and travelers can also explore on their own. The most popular church among visitors to Lalibela is Bete Giyorgis, the Church of St. George, which forms the shape of a cross when viewed from above. Bete Giyorgis is the church that stands alone, not part of the northern or southern groups, but it can be accessed from the other churches through the system of carved passages. The wonders of Lalibela’s 11 churches contain centuries of Ethiopian history and remain magnificent examples of a very unique architectural feat. 

Rachel Lynch

Rachel is a student at Sarah Lawrence College in Bronxville, NY currently taking a semester off. She plans to study Writing and Child Development. Rachel loves to travel and is inspired by the places she’s been and everywhere she wants to go. She hopes to educate people on social justice issues and the history and culture of travel destinations through her writing.

10 Nigerian Artists Redefining Africa’s Music Scene

From influencing the #EndSARS protests to confronting the commodification of African culture, these artists have unique approaches to their art.

DaVido performing. Wikimedia user Rasheedrasheed. CC BY-SA 4.0.

Nigerian musicians have been spreading their influence all over the world for the past few decades. Following in the footsteps of Fela Kuti, contemporary artists experiment with a plethora of genres, fine-tuning their style as they progress. Renowned artists such as Burna Boy, DaVido and Cruel Santino are the driving forces of the Afrobeats movement, which combines African subgenres, American hip-hop, and R&B. Here are 10 influential Nigerian musicians to listen to.

1. Tony Allen

Tony Allen. Pierre Priot. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

Tony Allen is the father of the Afrobeat genre. Allen passed away in April 2020 after releasing his final album, “Rejoice,” in collaboration with the late South African jazz artist, Hugh Masekela. Allen’s polyrhythmic drumming complements Masekela’s trumpet in this riveting jazz album. From his earlier days of performing with Fela Kuti to his more recent collaborations with Skepta and Oumou Sangare, Allen has pioneered the combination of American jazz with African beats. After a career which explored a multitude of scenes in the music world, Allen falls back into his Afrobeat roots in his very last album.


2. Naira Marley

Rapper Naira Marley is a contentious figure in Nigeria. Marley is known as a founder of the genre Afro-bashment, a combination of Caribbean influences, American trap rap, West African beats and British rap. Naira Marley is known for his controversial beliefs and ideas; in “Am I a Yahoo Boy,” he offers an unabashed critique of the Nigerian government, higher education and social conservatism. His single “Koleyewon,” which was released in December 2020, is a fast-paced trap song in Yoruba. 

3. DaVido

DaVido performing. Wikimedia user Rasheedrasheed. CC BY-SA 4.0.

American-born musician DaVido is a world-renowned Afrobeats artist who synthesizes elements of R&B, rap and Afropop to build up his discography. His heavily auto-tuned vocals and his simple audio production make up his signature sound. DaVido’s most recent album, “A Better Time,” featured Nicki Minaj, Chris Brown and Lil Baby. Despite its famous featured artists, the album’s first track, “FEM,” received the most attention globally. “FEM,” which means “shut up” in Nigerian slang, was labeled the anthem of the #EndSARS protests in Nigeria, which called for the dissolution of the Special Anti-Robbery Squad. Although the artist himself didn’t intend to express a politically charged message, he was nonetheless impassioned by his country’s fight against police brutality.  

4. Cruel Santino

Up-and-coming musician Cruel Santino came to the world stage in 2019 with his debut album “Mandy & The Jungle.” Although he is one of the younger artists of the Nigerian music renaissance, Cruel Santino offers an impressive range of styles in his first album. The mellow, laid-back beat of “Sparky” contrasts with the country twang of “Diamonds / Where You Been.” His new single “End of The Wicked” showcases his maturation as a musician and an artist: the solemn piano is redeemed by a syncopated jungle beat, which accompanies his verbose rap. 

5. Odunsi (The Engine)

Odunsi (The Engine) is a master of his craft. His discography is all-encompassing: church choirs and spoken word start off his 2018 album “Rare”; an orchestra plays over his verse in his greatest hit “Tipsy”; a vaporwave synth paints “Luv In a Mosh” blue. Odunsi (The Engine)’s album covers visually harmonize with his music. The ethereal blue moon in “Everything You Heard Is True,” which was released in May 2020, mirrors Odunsi’s experimentation with atonal melodies and distortions. On top of this hypnotic album, the musician released two singles in 2020: “Decided” and “Fuji 5000.” Both are dramatically different from each other; the only constant is Odunsi’s effortless flow.

 6. Simi

Simi at NdaniTV. NdaniTV. CC BY 3.0.

Simi’s distinctly sweet voice is the honey that binds her music together. Less is more in her 2017 album “Simisola,” where her vocals and the acoustic guitar are the only elements that matter. The Nigerian singer started off as a gospel singer in 2008, but transformed her career in 2014 after the success of her singles “Tiff” and “E No Go Funny.” Simi released “Restless II” in 2020, which is a change of pace from her slow crooning. In an interview with OkayAfrica, the singer admits that, “This project is a risk as well, it’s even more of a risk because it’s R&B and Nigeria is not necessarily the biggest R&B market.” As Simi continues to dabble in hip-hop, she  comes out with more powerful hits like “No Longer Beneficial” and “There for You.” 

7. Niniola

Niniola. Wikimedia user Naijareview. CC BY-SA 4.0.

Often regarded as the “Queen of Afro-House,” Niniola is a global star who fights to find her footing as an empowered Yoruba woman. Niniola rose to fame from her 2017 hit “Maradona,” a seemingly light pop tune which dealt with the traumas of her upbringing. As a girl growing up in a polygamous household, Niniola experienced the double standards of a patriarchal family. Reckoning with her womanhood, Niniola recounts the experiences of a woman who is cheated on by her husband, woes which are usually kept secret. With an album and a couple of huge hits under her belt, Niniola comes back strong with her new album “Colours and Sounds,” which includes a refreshing take on reggae, pop and dancehall. 

https://youtu.be/lRpBLAwIbeA 



8. Burna Boy

Burna Boy’s album “Twice as Tall” covers a variety of topics, from how the artist grapples with the reality of colonialism to the frenzy of a night out. Burna Boy is a household name in the music industry, and this album attests to the singer’s mastery over songwriting and producing. In his song “Monsters You Made,” Burna Boy addresses Western imperialism and how its consequences are still felt today. His song “Alarm Clock” begins with voice recordings, opera and a saxophone, and quickly switches to an upbeat rap song.

9. Deto Black

Model and rapper Deto Black refuses to be labeled as an Afrobeats musician. The feminism and sex positivity of her music is obvious and brought to the forefront of her message as an “alté,” or alternative, artist. As a Lagos-based rapper who lived in the U.K. and the U.S. growing up, Deto Black navigates the different worlds by calling for gender equality in Nigeria.  






10. Zlatan Ibile

Zlatan is a new Nigerian singer and dancer who found fame through his viral song “Zanku” (Legwork), which was accompanied by a famous dance. Since 2019, the singer has released three albums, started a record label, and released the successful single “Lagos Anthem.” “Lagos Anthem” is an energetic dance song with darker lyrics criticizing the government for its flawed policies. 


These Nigerian musicians are beginning to impact American and British pop music. Although each of these individuals comes from a different discipline and background, they all have a commitment to experimenting in their craft. Some thrive in and renovate the Afrobeats movement, while others resist the umbrella term. The common ground between alté musician Deto Black’s tackling of gender inequality and DaVido’s propelling of the #EndSARS revolution is their commitment to the well-being of Nigeria. 

Heather Lim

Heather recently earned her B.A. in Literatures in English from University of California, San Diego. She was editor of the Arts and Culture section of The Triton, a student-run newspaper. She plans on working in art criticism, which combines her love of visual art with her passion for journalism.

South Korea Loves Its Mountains

Climbing the country’s many mountains is a national pastime. South Korea’s tranquil scenery allows hikers of all skill levels to escape the worries of the modern world.

Two hikers at Seoraksan. Tasmanian.Kris. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

If you go to South Korea, bring hiking gear. Lots of it. More so than in the United States, hiking is a communal exercise and a great to-do. A pair of sneakers and a water bottle won’t cut it when trekking up Seoraksan, a mountain located three hours from Seoul. Hikers, whether amateur or professional, purchase a catalog’s worth of clothing for even a short afternoon hike. In addition to the equipment, bring an appetite. Food, along with a little rice wine, will be served once—at the very least.

Hiking is less of a hobby and more of a national pastime for South Korea. Two-thirds of South Koreans climb a mountain at least once a year, and almost a third go once a month. Companies that make hiking equipment find a lucrative market in the country, since retailers have estimated that the average hiker wears $1,000 worth of gear for each trek. South Korea’s 22 national parks see roughly 45 million visitors a year.

There are many reasons why climbing mountains is such a widely enjoyed pastime. For one, they’re everywhere. Most people live within an hour or two of a hiking trail. Subways and buses provide easy transport, not to mention that multiple hiking groups offer group expeditions. Beginning in 1967, South Korea began setting aside its many mountains as national parks. By the end of the 1980s, over 2,000 square miles had been designated as national parks. This amounts to 6% of South Korea’s landmass. 

The sun shines on Dobongsan. Giuseppe Milo. CC BY 2.0. 

Mountains figure prominently in national myths as well. Dangun, the mythical founder of Korea, is said to have been born on Mount Paektu, along the border between China and North Korea. The mountain is mentioned in the national anthems of both North and South Korea. Additionally, South Korean culture values “pungsu,” a practice similar to feng shui, that emphasizes harmony with nature. With mountains located so close to big cities like Seoul, they provide a picturesque respite for hard workers. 

South Korea’s fall foliage. Brandon HM Oh. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

However, only recently did the mountains attract as many mountaineers as they do now. Park Chung-hee, president in the 1960s and ‘70s, encouraged businesses to lead employees on group hikes as a community-building tool. The residual effects of this policy are still widely felt. A long lunch break often provides enough time for a quick trek. Many trails shoot straight to the peak before climbing down, allowing for brisk and efficient exercise. This may be annoying for  many enthusiasts who want to savor the panoramic views the mountains offer.

A hike through Bukhansan. golbenge. CC BY-SA 2.0.

Citizens have plenty of mountains to choose from, such as those in the Taebaek and Sobaek ranges. Seoraksan, South Korea’s third-tallest peak at 5,600 feet, takes only three hours to climb, and fiery fall foliage attracts many to this mountain in particular. However, its beauty is nearly matched by other peaks. For example, Bukhansan gives urbanites in Seoul a chance to unwind in the great outdoors. Located just outside the city, it is affectionately called the “lungs of Seoul.”

The Taebaek Mountains in winter. mariusz kluzniak. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

South Korea’s hiking culture is visible even among those who emigrate. In Southern California, South Korean immigrants often don the same gear for hiking Runyon Canyon in Los Angeles that they would for Seoraksan. Backpacks bulge with Tupperware stuffed with South Korean delicacies for a midday picnic. For these hikers, traveling the trails is more than a hobby. It’s a way of keeping a precious national tradition alive. 

Michael McCarthy

Michael is an undergraduate student at Haverford College, dodging the pandemic by taking a gap year. He writes in a variety of genres, and his time in high school debate renders political writing an inevitable fascination. Writing at Catalyst and the Bi-Co News, a student-run newspaper, provides an outlet for this passion. In the future, he intends to keep writing in mediums both informative and creative.

A Snowy Sanctuary: Norway’s Svalbard Archipelago

The Norwegian archipelago of Svalbard prizes itself on both a pristine white landscape as well as an inclusive community. Although photos may present the landscape as motionless, the island chain buzzes with many of nature’s more subtle miracles. 

Svalbard. Billy Lindblom. CC BY 2.0. 

Situated 400 miles north of Norway’s mainland lies an icy archipelago by the name of Svalbard. The island chain stretches almost 25,000 square miles, with the largest island, Spitsbergen, comprising almost two-thirds of that total. The island chain’s unique geography allows it to add the caption “northernmost” to a seemingly limitless number of things, from the northernmost university to the northernmost supermarket and brewery. Classified as a desert due to its dry air and sparse precipitation, the archipelago stands as the ideal habitat for its roughly 3,000 polar bears. The polar bears seem to live peacefully alongside Svalbard’s residents, though they outnumber humans by about 500.

Svalbard polar bears. Airflore. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. 

The archipelago’s history stretches back to 1194, when it was supposedly first discovered by Vikings. However, it was not until 400 years later in 1596 that the first set of official documentation was drafted by Dutch explorers. Over the next 100 years or so, hunters from across Europe took a stab at the islands; English and Dutch whalers filled the coasts, followed by a sea of French, Danish and Norwegians disputing whaling rights. Russian explorers made their stop in 1715, and American developer John Longyear constructed the archipelago’s first coal mine in 1906. This mine would ignite the coal mining sector of Svalbard, which supported most of the local economy for the remainder of the century. 

Mineral-rich sites peppering the islands attracted throngs of American and European businesses alike, but all was settled come 1920. The long-standing question of the archipelago’s rule was decided following World War I in the Svalbard Treaty, which granted Norway sovereignty but required the archipelago’s demilitarization and gave economic freedom to any of the agreement’s nine signatories. Now, 46 countries have signed the Svalbard Treaty, which also makes it Norway’s responsibility to protect the ecological systems of the islands. 

Svalbard tundra. Billy Lindblom. CC BY 2.0. 

The archipelago’s largest settlement, Longyearbyen, is the primary stop for residents looking to settle down. Being a resident of Svalbard is a peculiar experience; because anyone can settle in Svalbard as long as they are housed and employed, about one-third of the residents are immigrants. This visa-free policy has created an interesting dynamic—a melting pot of diversity against a monochrome snowcapped background. Nonetheless, living in such a particular place invariably comes with its drawbacks; there are no hospitals to give birth in nor cemeteries due to the permafrost. Additionally, as of 2012, all members of the community must carry a gun outside of settlements in case of polar bear confrontations. 

Svalbard ice. Christopher.Michel. CC BY 2.0. 

Although sporting incredibly low temperatures year-round with an average high of just over 40 degrees Fahrenheit, Svalbard has three main seasons. Each season has distinct qualities, with each showcasing equally fascinating displays of nature’s miracles. The dark season, or “Polar Night,” stretches from October to January and is when the islands are pitch-black for all 24 hours of the day. The northern lights are particularly brilliant during this time. This is followed by “Pastel Winter” from March to May, in which snow conditions are gentler, creating an ideal climate for outdoor activities. Finally, “Polar Summer” covers May through September, in which flocks of migrant birds arrive and the islands bloom with increasing Arctic activity. 

Whether your priority is to scale icy snowcaps or to stare down a polar bear, a stop at Svalbard is a surefire path to awe and adventure. 

Ella Nguyen

Ella is an undergraduate student at Vassar College pursuing a degree in Hispanic Studies. She wants to assist in the field of immigration law and hopes to utilize Spanish in her future projects. In her free time she enjoys cooking, writing poetry, and learning about cosmetics.

Consider the Tofu: A (Tasty) History

This seemingly tasteless ingredient packs a punch in iconic dishes across Asia. 

Fry it, flip it, steam it, dessert-ify it—tofu’s your jack of all trades. Sherman Kwan. Unsplash. 

As a relatively tasteless food, tofu is a versatile ingredient that is present in many dishes across Asia. Tofu is centuries old. While the exact date is not known, historians believe that tofu was first used over 2,000 years ago in China. This humble dish made its debut in Japan, Korea, parts of Southeast Asia and eventually in Europe after 19th-century colonialism. In Buddhist societies, the production of tofu increased as it served as a convenient meat alternative. Molded from crushed soybeans, tofu is a flexible food that goes with nearly anything. Given its absorbent nature, tofu often tastes like the spices and flavors it has marinated in. Here are a few popular tofu dishes from across Asia: 

Mapo Tofu

This classic dish has roots in China’s Sichuan region. Mapo tofu is made with soft tofu and stir-fried with various chile peppers, black bean paste and ginger. If cooked properly, the sauce itself is a bright-red color laced with thin bubbles of oil. The dish can be topped off with scallions or minced meat if so desired.  

Stuff your tofu too; it’s gratifying. Qlinart. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. 

Crispy Shrimp Stuffed Tofu

In this Cantonese dish, tofu is stuffed with minced shrimp and deep-fried to crispiness. The tofu is first sliced and coated in cornstarch, then hollowed out to hold the filling. The dish is often paired with classic ingredients like Shaoxing wine, white pepper and sesame oil. These golden, bite-sized bricks can be garnished with scallions and can be dipped in a slightly sweet soy sauce. 

Stinky tofu is usually sold from open-air hawker stalls. Josephine Lim. CC BY-ND 2.0. 

Stinky Tofu

Tofu, when stinky, can also be a delectable treat. This smelly favorite can be found along the streets of China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Stinky tofu is made from the fermented brine in which it has soaked for a few months. The mixture is usually made from fermented milk, vegetables or meat, but can also include other ingredients like dried shrimp and mustard greens. When ready, stinky tofu is commonly served deep-fried. Its bitter and salty flavor is best paired with garlic, soy sauce or chile sauce. 

Steaming, savory miso soup for any occasion. Jude Masti. CC BY 2.0. 

Miso Soup 

Miso is a fermented paste with origins in Japanese cuisine. This concoction is produced by pickling soybeans with salt and other ingredients such as barley or seaweed. Miso is usually consumed as soup, and one of the main condiments is tofu. The tofu’s porous texture absorbs the umami saltiness of the miso and makes for a hearty, satisfying meal. It can be paired with clean white rice, mushrooms and even eggplants. 

An edible lunch packed in a pouch. David Theduy Nguyen. CC BY-NC 2.0. 

Inari Sushi 

Tofu can even be incorporated into sushi. Inari sushi was first introduced to Japan during the 18th century. It first started off as offering food for fox-god temples scattered about the islands. Over time, Inari sushi became a staple option on kitchen tables. Inari sushi is a simpler style of sushi made with sweetened rice packed in tofu pouches. The tofu skin itself is pre-seasoned and deep-fried. The side can be topped off with sesame seeds and paired with vinegar and soy sauce for a uniquely sweet finish. 

Best served piping hot. Republic of Korea. CC BY-SA 2.0. 

Sundubu-jjigae  

Also written as “soondubu,” this Korean dish is a soft tofu stew made with silken, curdled tofu served in a piping hot pot.  Sundubu-jjigae is usually prepared spicy and can be cooked in seafood or meat broth. As the dish is bubbling, a whole egg is cracked into the mix and served almost immediately. Sundubu-jjigae is a popular Korean staple and is usually complemented with a bowl of rice and various “banchan” like kimchi, gamja jorim (sweetened braised potatoes) and salted cucumbers.   

Cleanse your palate with a sweet tofu finish. Boyu Wang. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. 

Tofu Pudding

Dau hu nuoc duong. Taho. Douhua. However it’s called, tofu can also be consumed as a dessert. Tofu pudding can be found in countries like Vietnam, the Philippines, and China and takes on regional preferences. It is often paired with sweeteners like ginger syrup and brown sugar. Depending on the location, tofu pudding can also be served with peanut and strawberry. 

Tofu is timeless. Devi Puspita Amartha Yahya. Unsplash.

The Future of Tofu

While tofu has a stronghold in Asian cuisines, this humble ingredient continues to change and evolve across the world. As consumers look for more sustainable alternatives, tofu stands as a ready-made, centuries-old option. Not only is it healthier, but tofu is also a flexible and equally tasty substitute for meats and other high-cholesterol foods. Despite its unassuming nature, tofu has proven its timelessness. 

Rhiannon Koh

Rhiannon earned her B.A. in Urban Studies & Planning from UC San Diego. Her honors thesis was a speculative fiction piece exploring the aspects of surveillance technology, climate change, and the future of urbanized humanity. She is committed to expanding the stories we tell.

10 Mouthwatering Sandwiches From Around the World 

Sandwiches are easy, affordable and most importantly, delicious, making them a common staple in cuisines across the globe. These 10 sandwiches are all tasty and unique, with histories connected to the cultures they come from. 

In many ways, sandwiches are the perfect food: quick to make, relatively inexpensive and always delicious. Sandwiches are versatile, too, made with a multitude of ingredients (meats, cheeses, vegetables, etc.) on different types of bread, so it’s no wonder that they are a common food all over the world. Many sandwiches on this list were originally created in poor conditions, using whatever ingredients were available at the moment, which were often limited due to poverty and even colonial occupation. These sandwiches then reached incredible levels of popularity, some spreading into other countries to become international delicacies. 

The sandwiches on this list range from open-faced breakfast dishes to foot-longs that feed four, with a wide variety of breads and fillings in between. Each sandwich reflects the culture of its place of origin through flavorful spice blends, regional ingredients and creation stories that speak to the countries’ unique histories. They are all sure to make your mouth water. 

1. Choripan, Argentina 

One of Argentina’s most popular street foods among both visitors and locals, the choripan is a simple sandwich consisting of a chorizo sausage on a bun. Its name, choripan, is a combination of the Spanish words “chorizo,” referring to the sausage, and “pan,” which means bread. Once the sausage is on the bun it is topped with a range of condiments, the most common being chimichurri, an Argentinian sauce similar to pesto. The sandwich can also be topped with other condiments or even onions and peppers, but chimichurri is what gives a choripan its unique taste. Choripan is a traditional Argentinian food and was historically served as an appetizer at barbecues while waiting for the main course to cook. From there, choripan became a common food at football games and then a street food staple. If you are visiting Argentina, you can pick up a choripan almost anywhere, since they are sold in every populated area. If you want to make your own Argentinian choripan at home, a recipe can be found here. 

2. Vada Pav, India 

More than 2 million vada pav are eaten in India’s largest city of Mumbai every day. The sandwich is a Mumbai fast-food classic; a patty made of mashed potato mixed with masala spices and green chili is dipped in chickpea flour and fried, then placed on a small, soft bread roll called a “pav” and topped with garlic chutney. It is typically served with a side of fried green chiles and is a perfect and inexpensive snack for people on the go. Vada pav was invented in 1966 by Ashok Vaidya, who opened a food stall across from the Dadar train station, which thousands of hungry workers passed through every day. Vada pav was an instant success. In the 1970s and ‘80s, a number of strikes led to the closure of many Mumbai textile mills, and former mill workers began opening their own vada pav stalls. Two of the most popular vada pav stalls today are Aaram Milk Bar and Ashok Vada Pav, which are both located near suburban train stations. Residents and visitors alike can find a vada pav almost anywhere in Mumbai. If you want to make a vada pav at home, a recipe can be found here. 

3. Zapiekanka, Poland 

Sometimes called “Polish pizza,” the zapiekanka is an open-faced sandwich, traditionally a toasted half-baguette topped with cheese and mushrooms, then ketchup once the cheese has melted. The zapiekanka varies in each region of Poland; long and thin in Warsaw but wider and shorter in Krakow, for example. Zapiekanka started as a street food in the 1970s but didn’t become widely popular until after 1988, when a change in the law loosened communist restrictions on private businesses. The simple makeup of the zapiekanka reflects the poverty and limited resources available in Poland during its creation. Bread, cheese and mushrooms were ingredients that were both available and inexpensive, meaning zapiekanka sellers could make a profit. Today, the zapiekanka is not just a classic street food; updated versions of the sandwich are found in restaurants across Poland, with a variety of different cheeses and other toppings like spinach, or jam instead of ketchup. People seeking a traditional zapiekanka can still find one, though, at any number of bars, restaurants or street food stalls. A recipe for zapiekanka can be found here.

4. Banh Mi, Vietnam

The banh mi got its start after the end of the French colonization of Vietnam, in the late 1950s. Made from meat, vegetables like cucumber and pickled carrots, and mayonnaise tucked into a baguette with Vietnamese sauces and spices, the banh mi took ingredients introduced by the French and reimagined them to fit Vietnamese cuisine. During the period of French colonization, the Vietnamese ate French foods the same way the French did: a baguette was served with a platter of cold cuts, cheese and butter. Vietnamese people were not able to modify French cuisine until after the French left following their 1954 defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. The initial ingredients of the banh mi were expensive, so mayonnaise replaced butter and vegetables replaced the pricier cold cuts. A couple named Mr. and Mrs. Le are credited with creating the first banh mi when they put the mayonnaise, meat and vegetables inside bread to make the meal portable. The banh mi grew in popularity and is even a hit in other parts of the world. Banh mis are often made with pork, but other types of meat can be used as well. A banh mi can be purchased at street food stalls in Vietnam, as well as storefronts in the United States and Europe, and a recipe to make one at home can be found here. 

5. Torta, Mexico 

A mexican torta has all the rich, varied flavors of a taco between two slices of fluffy, buttered bread. Tortas can have almost anything as a filing but the most common are refried beans, avocado, peppers, meat and cheese. The most popular torta fillings, like chicken, carne asada and carnitas, are prepared similarly to taco meats. Since tortas come with such a wide variety of fillings and flavors, sandwich lovers are certain to find one they enjoy. The traditional torta consists of a fluffy roll stuffed with pork carnitas, then either partially or fully dipped in salsa, depending on the customer’s taste. Tortas dipped in salsa, or tortas ahogadas, are also known as “drowned sandwiches.” There are multiple stories about the history of tortas; some say the sandwiches originated during the brief French occupation of Mexico in the 1860s, when bakers took inspiration from the French baguette and created their own, smaller sandwich loaves, called “bolillo” and “telera.” Others say tortas were created by accident in the early 1900s, when a Guadalajara street vendor accidentally dropped a sandwich into a container of salsa, drowning it, with the customer enjoying it anyway. Today, tortas can have almost any filling and are a popular Mexican street food, easily purchased all over the country. A recipe for a pork carnitas torta with salsa can be found here. 

6. Gyro, Greece 

The gyro sandwich gets its name from the rotating stack of thinly sliced meat, usually lamb, beef, pork or some combination of those, where the meat for the sandwich comes from. Thin slices of meat are cut from the gyro rotisserie and placed in a pita wrap with tomatoes, red onion, lettuce or parsley, Greek yogurt or tzatziki, and sometimes fried potatoes. Today, the gyro meat can also be chicken or fish. Gyro is one of the most popular foods among travelers and Greek citizens alike. Though the gyro is a commonly known Greek food, it didn’t arrive in Greece until 1922, with thousands of Greek and Armenian refugees from present-day Turkey. The rotating gyro was common among Armenians, who know it as “doner kebab,” and according to legend, many Armenian refugees became merchants, opening shops that sold gyros. Following World War II, the gyro spread around the world, and now gyro shops can be found across Europe, the United States and Australia. Gyros are widespread, so if you want to try one, it is highly likely there’s a gyro shop where you live. Also, you can try making one at home (without a rotisserie) by following the recipe here. 

7. Mollete, Mexico

Similar to the Polish zapiekanka, the Mexican mollete is an open-faced sandwich, made from half a sliced bun but topped with drastically different ingredients. The mollete has its roots in Andalusia, Spain, where mollete stands for an oval-shaped bread roll drizzled with olive oil, tomatoes and sometimes cured meats. In Mexico, a mollete consists of half a toasted bolillo bun layered with refried beans, cheese and tomato salsa, and it is typically served as a breakfast. Sweet versions of the mollete have developed as well, replacing the beans, cheese and salsa with butter, sugar and honey. Molletes began being sold at chain restaurants in Mexico City and quickly became popular among university students due to their low prices. Molletes are popular in many areas of Mexico and have even spread to parts of the U.S., and a recipe can be found here. 

8. Bun Kebab, Pakistan 

Similar to an American hamburger, Pakistan’s bun kebab is a quick and affordable sandwich served on a crispy, fluffy bun. Inside the bun is a lentil and potato patty, usually topped with green chutney, sliced onions and a fried egg. Other toppings and condiments can be added to a bun kebab as well, such as shredded cabbage, tomatoes, ketchup and cucumber slices. Unlike American hamburgers, Pakistani bun kebabs are a light meal, able to be eaten any day. The bun kebab is a street food staple in Pakistan, especially in the city of Karachi, where it originated. Karachi’s favorite street food dates back to 1953, when businesses began to take over Karachi and it became a commercial metropolis. Workers wanted a fast, inexpensive and neat meal to eat over their lunch breaks, so Haji Abdul Razzak created one: the bun kebab. Another story about the creation of the bun kebab credits the Pakistani burger restaurant Mr. Burger, one of the first local fast-food restaurants. This story says that the bun kebab was created as a more affordable version of a burger and sold at Mr. Burger. The bun kebab stand started by Haji Abdul Razzak is still around and has been serving the people of Karachi bun kebabs for over 60 years. Whatever its origins, the bun kebab remains a delicious and inexpensive meal for people on the go. A recipe to make a bun kebab at home can be found here. 

9. Gatsby, South Africa 

In Cape Town, South Africa, a popular local dish is the Gatsby, a foot-long sub sandwich filled with meat or seafood (usually bologna, chicken, calamari or steak), french fries, cheese, fried eggs and lettuce, all slathered in either tomato sauce or piri piri, a spicy sauce made from chiles. Gatsbys are gigantic and packed with flavor, and are intended to be shared, usually cut into four pieces. The man widely credited with creating the Gatsby is Rashaad Pandy, who still owns a fish and chip shop in Cape Town. In 1976, four men were helping Pandy clear a plot in the Cape Town suburb of Lansdowne after his family was forced to move due to South Africa’s apartheid regime of racial segregation. Pandy owned a shop in a nearby neighborhood, and he had promised the four men food, so they went back to his shop and he took stock of his ingredients: bologna, french fries, round bread loaves and homemade pickles. From these ingredients, he made the four men sandwiches, which they devoured. One of the men told Pandy that the new food was “a Gatsby smash,” giving the sandwich its name. The next day, Pandy began selling Gatsbys in his shop, and his customers suggested he substitute a long bread roll for a round one to make it easier to eat. His customers also suggested things Pandy could add to the sandwich, and piece by piece the present-day Gatsby came to be. Pandy’s shop, Super Fisheries, still sells Gatsbys, though he only carries fish variations, not chicken or steak. Click here for an original bologna Gatsby recipe. 

10. Roti John, Singapore

A dish unique to the Malay Peninsula, the roti john is sometimes called Singapore’s version of a hamburger. The sandwich actually has little in common with a hamburger; it consists of minced mutton, onions and egg, all fried and served in a toasted roll similar to a French baguette. More recently, melted cheese and mushrooms have been added to the sandwich, and versions using chicken, beef and sardines rather than mutton have become popular. The roti john is likely known as “Singapore’s hamburger” because of how it was created. Sometime in the 1960s, an Englishman asked a shop owner in Singapore for a hamburger. Having no hamburgers available, the shop owner quickly whipped up the roti john as a substitute. The name roti john is attributed to the same shop owner, who was overheard calling the customer “John,” a formerly common way to address Caucasians on the Malay Peninsula. The word “roti” is the Hindi term for bread, also used in the region. Literally, the name of the sandwich means “John’s bread.” Though it was created in the ‘60s, the roti john didn’t become widely popular until 1976, when a man named Shukor began selling the sandwich from his food stall near the Singapore Botanic Gardens. The roti john spread across the peninsula, and it remains a popular meal today. A roti john recipe can be found here.

Rachel Lynch

Rachel is a student at Sarah Lawrence College in Bronxville, NY currently taking a semester off. She plans to study Writing and Child Development. Rachel loves to travel and is inspired by the places she’s been and everywhere she wants to go. She hopes to educate people on social justice issues and the history and culture of travel destinations through her writing.

Nordic and Celtic Traditions in Scotland’s Shetland Islands

Shetland ponies in a field on one of the Shetland Islands. Infinite Ache. CC BY-NC 2.0.

Located 110 miles northeast of the Scottish mainland are the Shetland Islands, a sub-Arctic archipelago in the north Atlantic Ocean. The islands, with a population of 22,920 centered around the town of Lerwick, are home to one of the most unique cultures in the British Isles, with the islands’ residents maintaining a blend of Nordic and Celtic influences.

While travel to the archipelago is largely limited due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, following the global crisis, any traveler looking to take the road less traveled will find joy in visiting the Shetland Islands. Given the region’s rich history, diverse local culture and beautiful wildlife, the farthest north region of Scotland should not be overlooked when planning future adventures abroad.

A History of Nordic and Celtic Tradition

A parade through Lerwick during Up Helly Aa, an annual Shetland fire festival which pays tribute to the archipelago’s Viking origins. Vicky Brock. CC BY-SA 2.0.

While humans have inhabited the Shetland Islands since at least 2700 B.C., with evidence to suggest that the Romans knew about the archipelago during the height of their empire, modern Shetland culture began at the end of the 9th century A.D. with the colonization of the archipelago and the nearby Orkney Islands by Vikings from Scandinavia.

The Shetland Islands would remain under Norse rule for around 600 years, during which the islands’ population Christianized and gained a grounding for the region’s culture that is still seen to this day. For instance, remnants of Norn, the predominant language of the time but one that is now extinct, has influenced the Shetland dialect spoken in the region. Likewise, festivals such as Up Helly Aa, an annual midwinter fire festival which honors pagan and Christian traditions, can trace their roots back directly to Viking colonialism.

Following several centuries of conflict and growing Scottish influence in the region, sovereignty over the archipelago was sold to Scotland in 1468. This transfer of power, which lasted until 1707 when Scotland and England joined together under the name Great Britain, saw the adoption of more Celtic customs, as well as increased trade with the rest of Europe. The introduction of folk music, the cuisine of the region, and the English language can trace their origins back to this time period.

Into the contemporary era, the Nordic and Celtic cultures and heritage have blended together. This is represented in the aforementioned festivals and language of the region, as well as in the archipelago’s civil parish names, which feature both Old Norse and Celtic origins.

Visiting the Shetland Islands

Lerwick, the Shetland Islands’ largest settlement and only town. Balou46. CC BY-SA 4.0.

Given how remote the Shetland Islands are in comparison to the rest of Scotland, visitors to the islands can either arrive via a 12-hour overnight boat ride from Aberdeen, or by plane from one of six cities in Scotland or from Bergen, Norway.

Once on the archipelago, visitors have a number of experiences to partake in. Lerwick is home to a number of festivals throughout the year, including the Shetland Folk Festival, the Shetland Accordion and Fiddle Festival, and the largest celebration of Up Helly Aa. Likewise, the town is home to the Shetland Museum and Archives, which is dedicated to documenting the unique history and traditions of the region.

Venturing away from Lerwick, travelers can take in the untouched nature of the islands in one of three national nature reserves, the most popular being the Hermaness National Nature Reserve, a seabird colony on the island of Unst. For those more interested in the island’s oceanic location, Lonely Planet recommends kayaking, sailing and surfing for those who can brave the frigid waters of the north Atlantic.

For a taste of the local cuisine, the archipelago offers a number of highly recommended restaurants. Steamed lemon sole from The Dowry, reestit mutton soup from Peerie Shop Cafe, and saucermeat, a spiced breakfast sausage, from Fjara Cafe Bar, are all favorites among travelers and locals alike.

The Shetland Islands represent the best of what Scotland as a whole has to offer. The archipelago’s rich history, unique culture and variety of experiences offer something for everyone to enjoy. Following the pandemic, a visit to the Shetland Islands is a must for any world traveler.

Jacob Sutherland

Jacob is a recent graduate from the University of California, San Diego. Previously, he worked for The UCSD Guardian, serving both as News Editor and a columnist. In addition to his work at Catalyst, he writes the online column, PC Princess, and centers his writing around social justice issues.


Feline Fun: Japan’s Cat Culture and ‘Cat Islands’

It is always a pleasure to watch a cat  prancing through the neighborhood or a skittish kitten darting for the bushes. But one country, Japan, has completely dissolved the line dividing feline and human interaction. 

Cat cafe in Japan. nyxie. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0. 

Most people, if asked to name something from Japanese pop culture, would name the “Hello Kitty” cat cartoon as one of their top answers. As popular as the character has been with children across the world, a bustling cat scene exists within Japan itself entirely separate from Hello Kitty. 

Japan’s residents hold a lengthy history of interaction with their feline friends. Cats were originally an invasive species introduced to Japan around 500 A.D. The creatures soon proved their worth by managing the islands’ rat population; the silkworm industry was being devastated by pesky rats, so the nation’s cats jumped into action. Over 1,000 years ago, wealthy members of Japanese society owned cats as pets. Evidence of cats in Japanese history can be found in literary works and paintings, many of which are hundreds of years old. The country’s oral history also contains many tales of worship for the cherished creatures. 

Beyond being pets, cats in Japanese culture are an integral part of social interaction. “Cat cafes” have recently blossomed in Japan’s cat culture, allowing owners to mingle while their beloved friends wander among other felines. 

While a stray cat is a common sight on any island of Japan, about a dozen islands have been dubbed the “Cat Islands” for their particularly dense population of felines. Two of the most popular are the islands of Aoshima and Enoshima:

Aoshima Island

Crowd of cats on Aoshima Island. 暇・カキコ. CC BY-SA 4.0. 

Aoshima Island, located in southern Japan, boasts a human to cat ratio of 1-8. Cats were originally brought to the island to manage the rat population, but now they enjoy flashy media attention as internet sensations. The cats have become increasingly popular with visitors seeing viral videos, so an interactive feeding area has been installed. The cats have now become accustomed to interaction with strangers and will gladly show affection for a bit of food. 

Enoshima Island

Cat on Enoshima Island. tokyofortwo. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

Enoshima Island is a small island just over an hour south of Tokyo. The island’s human population is minuscule compared to the population of cats; there are only about 100 human residents among over 600 cats. The island draws many visitors for its Shinto shrines, which represent a religion that does not believe in the killing of cats. The island also houses a busy fishing industry, which has proven to provide plenty of nourishment for furry residents. Thus, the island’s cat population has bloomed. 

Japan’s feline friends have embedded themselves in the nation’s history and culture, and their lofty position in society appears to be secure. 

Ella Nguyen

Ella is an undergraduate student at Vassar College pursuing a degree in Hispanic Studies. She wants to assist in the field of immigration law and hopes to utilize Spanish in her future projects. In her free time she enjoys cooking, writing poetry, and learning about cosmetics.

Khoomei: Mongolian Throat Singing As Art and Action

Khoomei, otherwise known as Mongolian throat singing, enjoys a wide international audience thanks to inventive local artists looking for ways to share and save their culture.

Mongolian throat singers holding a horsehead fiddle. Alan Fieldus. CC BY-NC 2.0. 

Across the steppes of Central Asia, the almost eerie but melodic droning of “khoomei” still echoes. Khoomei, more commonly known as throat singing, is the practice in which a singer can produce two or more notes simultaneously. By utilizing the jaw and larynx, as well as precise lip movements, the singer can produce unique harmonies using only their body.

Khoomei, which translates to “throat” in Mongolian, has origins with the Tuva people, an Indigenous group found in parts of Siberia, Mongolia and China. A 1999 Scientific American article traced back both the techniques of khoomei and its rich history. According to Tuvan legends, throat singing was the first way humans learned to sing. Throat singing was also designed to mimic the natural sounds of the surrounding wind and water. Coupled with their animistic beliefs, the Tuvan people believed that throat singing also served a spiritual purpose. Khoomei eventually proliferated and evolved among the Turko-Mongol tribes.

During the first half of the 20th century, however, throat singing was restricted. Communist governments considered the art as “backward” due to its heavy ritual and ethnic legacies. It was not until the 1980s that throat singing was restored to its former glory and preserved as a national art form. In 2010, UNESCO inscribed khoomei on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. This honor was conferred to officially acknowledge the unique oral histories and philosophies that khoomei harbors. Despite its difficult history and almost seemingly jubilant ascent, khoomei and its singers are still under threat.

Mongolia’s wide-open steppes made it the ideal sound room for practicing and perfecting khoomei. Vince Gx. Unsplash.

Mongolia is a country that is landlocked between two geopolitical giants, China and Russia. The government has feared that both countries’ economic and diplomatic influences will overwhelm its own affairs. In 2010, Mongolian throat singers sought to defend the tradition against China. UNESCO mistakenly listed China as the sole country of throat singers, a misprint that angered the Mongolian community. 

In 2013, China announced its ambitious Belt and Road Initiative, a plan meant to enhance infrastructure connectivity and deepen financial cooperation, among several other aims. While China poured billions of dollars into creating trade routes and industries, the Mongolian people remain unappeased.

With these economic gains also came renewed cultural conflicts. When visiting the Mongolian capital of Ulaanbaatar this past September, Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi was greeted by protesters who accused Beijing of suppressing the Mongolian language in China’s Inner Mongolia autonomous region. The former Mongolian president Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj condemned the Chinese government’s policy that replaced Mongolian with Mandarin in school curriculums. Elbegdorj condemned the action as “cultural genocide” and urged Mongolians to persist in preserving their culture at home and abroad. A part of this resistance also includes using khoomei as a way to reclaim and reassert identity.

Enter The HU. Through music, this heavy metal band uses its Mongolian roots as a way to share the country’s  culture with the world. Its most popular pieces, “Wolf Totem” and “Yuve Yuve Yu,” have garnered nearly 111 million YouTube views combined. The HU has charted millions of listeners on Spotify and even covered songs for the video game, Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order. In an interview, The HU shared that its music stays true to form, mimicking natural sounds in certain tracks. The members hope that they can continue to be cultural ambassadors for their country and its culture. In 2019, The HU was honored with the Order of Genghis Khan, a presidential award recognizing special merits to society.

While music may not solve political conflicts, its influence and reach has given many Mongolians something to be proud of. Khoomei especially has proven to be both a restricted and a revolutionary form of art. As this contested expression continues to endure and flourish, it is clear that the people need their music as much as a song requires a voice.

Rhiannon Koh

Rhiannon earned her B.A. in Urban Studies & Planning from UC San Diego. Her honors thesis was a speculative fiction piece exploring the aspects of surveillance technology, climate change, and the future of urbanized humanity. She is committed to expanding the stories we tell.

8 Surprisingly Vibrant Desert Destinations

Deserts are much more than the beating sun and rolling sand dunes we often picture. These eight destinations showcase the incredible natural beauty of the desert, from salt flats and chalk formations to mountains and glaciers. 

Though deserts are often thought of as just hot, dry expanses of sand, they come in a variety of climates and landscapes and hold some of the world’s most fascinating natural formations. Deserts “are areas that receive very little precipitation,” making them arid but not necessarily hot and sandy. Many deserts are mountainous, and others are large expanses of rock or salt flats. Though their arid environment makes water in deserts scarce, they are far from lifeless. Plants and animals, including humans, have adapted to desert life. One-sixth of the Earth’s population lives in deserts, which are found on every continent. 

These eight desert destinations range from freezing to boiling in temperature and are all unique, with their own attractions and plant and animal life. Each of these stunning deserts is worth a visit, and they may change your opinion of the desert as a stark, lonely place to one of beautiful landscapes blooming with culture, history and life. 

White and Black Deserts, Egypt 

Located just a few hours from Cairo, Egypt’s White and Black deserts are two stunning and underappreciated visitor attractions. The White Desert is located in the Farafra Depression, a section of Egypt’s Western Desert, and boasts some of the most unique geological landscapes in the country. Incredible wind-carved white chalk formations rise from the sand in the shapes of towering mushrooms and pebbles, giving the White Desert its name. The White Desert stretches over 30 miles, and the most visited area is the southern portion closest to Farafra. To the north of the White Desert is the Black Desert, where volcanic mountains have eroded to coat the sand dunes with a layer of black powder and rocks. In the Black Desert, visitors can climb up English Mountain and look out over the landscape. The Egyptian Tourism Authority recommends booking a tour to explore the deserts in depth, and travelers can even stay in the White Desert overnight. 

Joshua Tree National Park, California 

Joshua Tree National Park in Southern California is where two different desert ecosystems meet. Parts of the Mojave and the Colorado deserts are both found in Joshua Tree, along with a distinctive variety of plant and animal life. The Joshua tree, the park’s namesake, is the most identifiable of the plants, with its twisted, spindly branches and spiky clusters of greenery. Some of the park’s most popular attractions are Skull Rock; Keys View, a lookout with views of the Coachella Valley and the San Andreas Fault; and Cottonwood Spring Oasis, which was a water stop for prospectors and miners in the late 1800s. Joshua Tree National Park has roughly 300 miles of hiking trails for visitors to explore. The park is open 24 hours and can be visited at any time of the year, but visitation rises during the fall due to the cool weather and is at its height during the wildflower bloom in the spring. 

Atacama Desert, Chile 

Trips to the Atacama Desert in northern Chile are likened to visiting Mars on Earth. The dry, rocky terrain is so similar to that of Mars that NASA tests its Mars-bound rovers here. The Atacama Desert, the driest desert on Earth, spans over 600 miles between the Andes and the Chilean Coastal Range. Some weather stations set up in the Atacama have never seen rain. Despite its dryness, the desert is home to thousands of people, as well as plants and animals. People have been living in the Atacama Desert for centuries; mummies were discovered in the Atacama dating back to 7020 B.C., even before the oldest known Egyptian mummies. Attractions in the Atacama Desert include El Tatio geyser field, the Chaxa Lagoon, the Atacama salt flats, and sand dunes over 300 feet tall. The Atacama Desert is also said to have some of the clearest night skies in the world, making it perfect for stargazing. It is best to avoid a trip to the Atacama during the summer months, as the high temperatures make for a sweltering visit. 

Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia 

The world’s largest salt flat, Salar de Uyuni, covers 3,900 square miles in the southwestern corner of Bolivia. Salar de Uyuni is so large it can be seen from space and holds an estimated 10 billion tons of salt. Beneath the salt flat is approximately 70% of the world’s lithium reserves. This lithium is carefully extracted and used for powering laptops, electric cars and smartphones. Salar de Uyuni is surrounded by scenic lakes, geysers and rock formations, and is one of the world’s most beautiful and untouched natural landscapes. Tours of Salar de Uyuni take visitors to the Valley of Rocks; Morning Sun, which is home to geysers and mud pots; Colchani, a salt-processing village; and the Polques Hot Springs, where travelers can soak in warm thermal water. The landscape of Salar de Uyuni changes based on the seasons, so travelers should plan their visits around what they want to see. From July to October, access to all sites of Salar de Uyuni is unrestricted, but during the rainy season from December to April, visitors may be able to witness the salt flat’s famous mirror effect, where a thin layer of water over the salt transforms the land into the world’s largest mirror. 

Tanque Verde Ranch, Arizona 

Located just outside of Tucson, Arizona, near Saguaro National Park and the Rincon Mountains, Tanque Verde Ranch gives visitors “the ultimate dude ranch experience.” The ranch sprawls over 640 acres and stocks over 150 horses. Visitors to the ranch can get a real-life cowboy experience, including horseback riding and team penning. Riders of all experience levels will find something to do at Tanque Verde, where visitors can take beginning, intermediate and advanced lessons and then go on a sunrise or sunset trail ride through the Arizona desert. Tanque Verde Ranch offers kids’ riding activities too, as well as activities for non-riders such as yoga, mountain biking, fishing, swimming and pickleball. Visitors should pack long pants and closed-toe shoes if they plan to ride, and casual wear is appropriate for all non-riding times. Trips to the ranch usually last around four days, and visitors stay on the property. Tanque Verde Ranch is open to visitors year-round. 

Gobi Desert, Mongolia 

Spanning most of southern Mongolia and its border with China, the Gobi Desert contains stunning views and years of history. The region was once populated by dinosaurs, and some of the best-preserved fossils in the world were found near the Flaming Cliffs of Bayanzag. The Gobi Desert showcases a variety of natural beauty, from towering sand dunes to incredible white granite formations. Dry desert plants that come to life after rain make the Gobi unique, as well as ”saxaul forests” made up of sand-colored shrubbery. Visitors to the Gobi Desert should explore the Khongor Sand Dunes, an area that offers rocky and mountainous terrain in the south, dry and barren terrain in the center, and several oases in the north. Other major attractions are the Flaming Cliffs of Bayanzag, where red clay seems to glow in the sun, and the Gobi Waterfall, which looks like a city in ruins but is a completely natural formation. The best time to visit the Gobi Desert is either in late spring or in autumn, when the weather is neither too hot nor too cold.

Nk’Mip Desert, Canada 

Also called the Okanagan Desert, Canada’s Nk’Mip Desert contains the most endangered landscape in Canada. Located in Osoyoos in British Columbia, the Nk’Mip Desert Cultural Center is a 1,600-acre area of the Okanagan Desert managed by the Osoyoos Indian Band, and is the only fully intact area of desert in Canada. The desert is situated in a semiarid microclimate. The cultural center was designed to be eco-friendly and resembles the traditional winter homes of the Osoyoos Indian Band. Visitors can explore the desert on walking trails, which are surrounded by sage, prickly pear cactuses and antelope brush, as well as sculptures of desert creatures and native peoples by Smoker Marchand. The trails take visitors through a traditional Osoyoos village, where they will find a traditional sweat lodge and pit house. Many visitors prefer to explore Nk’Mip Desert in the summer due to the region’s relatively cold winters. 

Patagonian Desert, Argentina and Chile

The Patagonian Desert is South America’s largest desert and the seventh-largest in the world. It covers parts of southern Argentina and Chile, and is a cold desert, sometimes reaching a high temperature of 68 degrees Fahrenheit. The Patagonian Desert is home to two national parks: Torres del Paine National Park in Chile and Los Glaciares National Park in Argentina. Torres del Paine and Los Glaciares aren’t typical desert environments, but since the Patagonian is a cold desert, its landscape is different from that of most deserts. Before the Andes were formed, the Patagonian Desert was likely covered by temperate forests, so the region containing the desert, Patagonia, is extremely ecologically and geographically diverse. Torres del Paine National Park is known for its towering granite structures, which were shaped by glaciers. Los Glaciares is home to large glaciers, as well as scenic mountains, lakes and woods. The Cueva de las Manos, or “Cave of Hands,” is a series of caves in Argentinian Patagonia which are filled with paintings of hands dating back to 700 A.D., likely made by ancestors of the Tehuelche people. Tehuelche people live in Patagonia today, some still following a nomadic lifestyle. The best time to visit Patagonia is generally said to be in the summer (December to February), when the days are warm and the fauna is in full bloom, but there are merits to exploring the area at all times of year. 

Rachel Lynch

Rachel is a student at Sarah Lawrence College in Bronxville, NY currently taking a semester off. She plans to study Writing and Child Development. Rachel loves to travel and is inspired by the places she’s been and everywhere she wants to go. She hopes to educate people on social justice issues and the history and culture of travel destinations through her writing. 

Brilliant Bushes: The History of Topiary and Where to Find Them

It seems that grand landscapes are incomplete without some unique plant life to adorn the surrounding grounds. The untraditional category of gardening known as topiary has become famous over thousands of years for its intricate, and often grandiose, art style. 

Rabbit topiary in Bangkok. Arthur Chapman. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

The Origins of Topiary

The exact year that topiary was invented remains unknown, but it is generally believed that it began around the first century with the Greeks. Topiary, the art of clipping plants into decorative shapes, was believed to be very complementary to the elaborate form of Greek architecture, so topiary found a good foundation in Greek culture. The joy of topiary eventually spread to nearby countries, with Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus being the next famous face to take part in the art. The proliferation of French monasteries later helped to push topiary across Europe. 

As hundreds of years passed, many more nations weaved topiary into the foundation of their decorative landscapes. The art itself also grew incredibly precise and complex. The French primarily created larger and less intricate designs to line their gardens, while the Dutch used mathematics to master finely clipped designs. 

Interest in topiary has wavered over the last few hundred years, but love for the art form has never disappeared. In the 1800s, the introduction of new plants through trade with Asia caused an explosion in topiary interest, but this interest then faded again after World War I. 

Two Top Topiaries 

Levens Hall Topiary Garden. Jenny Mackness. CC BY-NC 2.0. 

For topiary enthusiasts and clueless travelers alike, Levens Hall Topiary Garden guarantees a moment of awe. Sitting in the Lake District of northwest England, this garden is the oldest topiary garden in the world; some pieces are over 300 years old. It was started by the gardener of King James II and originally housed a simpler layout, but faced a fairly dramatic change about a century after it was made. When interest in topiary experienced one of its many dips, the garden was redesigned in the early 1800s to display Victorian shapes.

Gardens of Marqueyssac. Andy Lawson. CC BY 2.0. 

The French are famous for their clipped hedge style, but the gardens of Marqueyssac have evolved this style immensely. The garden is located by the Dordogne River, which creates an incredible view of the endless countryside when seen from the elevated areas of the garden. The hedges display a traditional box clipping style, but the swirling pattern makes them appear weaved together. The masterfully uniform design creates an illusion of an endless sea of hedge; this work is credited to a student of Andre Le Notre, who designed the gardens of Versailles. 

Although overlooked by many mainstream artists, the form of topiary is not to be underestimated. For countless years, topiary has become an elaborate foundation for landscape and architecture. It has embedded its way into cultures across the world, only further enabling artists to express their limitless imagination. 

Ella Nguyen

Ella is an undergraduate student at Vassar College pursuing a degree in Hispanic Studies. She wants to assist in the field of immigration law and hopes to utilize Spanish in her future projects. In her free time she enjoys cooking, writing poetry, and learning about cosmetics.

‘Malaysia’s Banksy’ Brings Art Lovers—and Overtourism—to Penang

Ernest Zacharevic is a Lithuanian-born artist who made his mark creating iconic street murals on the island of Penang in Malaysia. Despite good intentions, Zacharevic’s work prompted the rise of tourist attractions that lack the soul and authenticity that made Penang a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the first place. 

 The iconic “Little Children on a Bicycle” mural in Penang. Yaopey Yong. Unsplash. 

Penang’s historical capital, George Town, was officially inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008. Since the 18th century, this Malaysian city has been a prolific hub of cultural and commercial exchange. Today, it remains a multicultural hot spot. George Town is also home to a unique layout of mixed architecture that also reflects the region’s history. From its colonial-style British office buildings to its rustic Chinese shophouses, George Town’s mismatched grid of alleyways and side streets bolsters the place’s almost stuck in time sentiment. To further enhance George Town and its diverse history, the George Town Festival was launched in 2010 as a platform for dance, theater and other regional artistic endeavors.

In the midst of this budding art movement, Lithuanian-born artist Ernest Zacharevic began to make his literal mark on the walls of George Town. As an experimentalist known by some as “Malaysia’s Banksy,” Zacharevic’s style revolves around ever-changing concepts, manifesting in his preference for outdoor art. Zacharevic’s primary interest lies in the relationship between art and the urban landscape. Consequently, he mainly flits between stencil, spray and other types of tools conducive to dynamic and public pieces.  

One of the more famous interactive pieces. Yaopey Yong. Unsplash. 

Although local pieces funded by Sculpture At Work also grace the walls of George Town, Zacharevic’s pieces are the main attraction thanks to the George Town Festival 2012 project “Mirrors George Town.” His iconic and sometimes interactive pieces like “Little Children on a Bicycle” and “Brother and Sister on a Swing” became hot-ticket items for both visitors and locals alike to experience. The open-air exhibitions became so popular that various travel blogs offered the best walking maps for viewing the murals.

“The Little Boy with Pet Dinosaur” and “Boy on a Bike” murals side by side. Travelationship. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. 

In 2013, Chairman of Penang Global Tourism Ooi Geok Ling felt that Ernest Zacharevic “captured the essence of Penang. I know he spent a lot of time here, soaking it all in when he was visiting. He could translate that into his murals.” Ling also believed that Zacharevic’s influence would also help to expand the reach of local artists and small galleries in the city. Indeed, most of Zacharevic’s pieces are reflective of the city and country’s diverse populace. Murals portray children cycling through the city, a painter attending to a pair of clogs, and even more modern scenes of phone booths and curious cats.  

Since the creation of these murals, Penang has experienced an influx of “Instagram tourists” and the subsequent boom of businesses that cater to them. The town’s soul, as the South China Morning Post wrote, has been “warped.” Before the worldwide lockdown, older buildings in George Town had begun renovating in a way that catered to foreign tastes. Cookie-cutter coffee shops, museums and art galleries began lining the centuries-old landscape, sapping away at the gritty authenticity of the once safely obscure town.

In response to this commercialization, Ernest Zacharevic made a statement on his Instagram in July 2019. He lamented, “Myself and many others blame my work for Armenian Street being a center of [the] tourist route in Penang.” He called the construction of Instagram-friendly places a “circus” and a threat to George Town’s status as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Since the worldwide lockdown, however, locals have made it back into the spotlight. Though the Penang economy today is largely devoid of tourist dollars, the city is also free of the overtourism and traffic jams that congested its streets. Nikkei Asia reports that locals now have the chance to reclaim spaces that gentrification took away. Hawker stalls and other peddlers are also refocusing on the needs of residents and the smaller but more consistent business they provide. Local shopkeepers feel that the lockdown has provided the city an unexpected but much-needed reset button. In the wake of this worldwide pause, locals are starting to explore more sustainable possibilities—ones that don’t compromise the historical integrity of George Town or the well-being of its residents.

Rhiannon Koh

Rhiannon earned her B.A. in Urban Studies & Planning from UC San Diego. Her honors thesis was a speculative fiction piece exploring the aspects of surveillance technology, climate change, and the future of urbanized humanity. She is committed to expanding the stories we tell.